makalah simantic

A. The definition of semantic

Semantic is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of language acquisition (how language users acquire a sense of meaning, as speakers and writers, listeners and readers) and of language change (how meanings alter over time). It is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these are likely to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and effects of style. It is thus one of the most fundamental concepts in linguistics.

 

B. The definition of destitative, connotative, idiomatic, synonym, hyphonym, homonym and antonym

            1.      Destitative

Destitative is the principal part of meaning that makes communication possible, refers to the emotional associations of a word  and to the emotional attitude of listener towards his subject. It expresses the conceptual content of a word. Example:

·         lonely: alone, without a company

·         notorious: well known

·         celebrated: well known

·         to adore: to love

·         to glare: to look

·         to glance: to look

2.          2.     Conotative

Conotative refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. Example:

•      lonely: unhappy (emotive connotation)

•      notorious: about something bad (evaluative connotation, negative)

•      celebrated: about something good (evaluative connotation, positive)

•      to adore: deep feeling (expressive connotation)

•      to glance: briefly (connotation of duration)

             3.  Idiomatic

Idiomatic is a set expression of two or more words that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words. Example:

 “break a leg”.

Literal meaning:  I command you to break a bone in your leg and you should probably go to the doctor afterwards to get it fixed. 

Idiomatic meaning:  Do your best and do well.  Often, actors tell each other to “break a leg” before they go out on stage to perform.

             4.  Synonyms

Synonyms are different words with almost identical or similar meanings. Example:

·         noun

      "testicles" and "balls"

·         verb

      "buy" and "purchase"

·         adjective

      "sick" and "ill"

·         adverb

      "quickly" and "speedily"

·         preposition

     "on" and "upon

5.      Hyponymy

Hyponymy is a relation between two words in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word. The lexical relation corresponding to the inclusion of one class in another is hyponymy.example:

In general, there are a number of hyponyms for each subordinate. For example, boar and piglet are also hyponyms of the subordinate pig, since the meaning of each of the three words sow, boar, and piglet 'contains' the meaning of the word pig.

6.      Homonym

Homonym generally include two categories of word types: homophones and homographs.

·         Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings.

·         Homophones are words that sound the same when you pronounce them, but have different meanings.

Example

ade – drink type, as in lemonade
aid – to help or assist
aide - assistant

affect - change
effect – result or consequence

air – atmosphere (the stuff we breathe)
err – to make a mistake

aisle - walkway
isle - island

allowed - permitted
aloud – out loud

ant – picnic pest
aunt – relative, as in your mom’s sister

arc - curve
ark – Noah’s boat

ate – chewed up and swallowed
eight – number after seven

bare - uncovered
bear – grizzly animal

berry – fruit from a bush
bury – to put underground

base – bottom part
bass – deep or low

be – to exist
bee – buzzing insect

beach – sandy shore
beech – type of tree

7.      Antonym

Antonym a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word. Example:

up - down
hot - cold
girl - boy
yes - no
in - out
behave - misbehave
run - walk
agree - disagree
balance - imbalance
mother - father
brother - sister
old - young
near - far
inside - outside.